Enciphering With An Open Key.
The digital signature, electronic equivalent of the traditional signature, has been developed for use in algorithms of enciphering with an open key for the decision of authenticity problem and integrity. The digital signature allows the recipient to be assured that the sender has really sent the message. The digital signature, like the hand-written signature, serves as a proof of identity of the letter and it also is difficult for forging. To create the digital signature, the sender should drop the initial open message through hashing function, which executes mathematical calculations as a result of which fulfillment is calculated the significance of hash-function. Hash-function can be very simple, and, for example, can execute addition of all units in binary submission of the text of the message though usually these functions execute more difficult calculations. Probability of that two various messages will have the same significance of hash-function, is statistically insignificant. The sender uses the closed key to cipher significance of hash-function, creating thus the digital signature and confirming authenticity of the message because only the holder of the closed key could execute such enciphering. The initial report ciphered by an open key of the recipient, the digital signature and significance of hash-function is sent to the recipient. The recipient uses an open key of the sender to decode the digital signature and to receive significance of hash-function. The recipient then uses the own closed key to decode an initial report. In summary the recipient applies hash-function to an initial report. If the received significance of hash-function for the initial message corresponds to the significance included in the digital signature, it serves as the certificate of integrity of the message, that it has not been changed in the course of transfer on communication channels.
One of problems of enciphering with an open key consists that someone having a set of keys can potentially try to represent himself as the sender of the message. We will assume that the customer wishes to place the order in electronic shop. How the customer can learn, that the Web site on which he addresses, really belongs to this dealer, instead of a certain third person, who masks under a site of the dealer for the purpose to receive the information on credit cards? The infrastructure of an open key (Public Key Infrastructure — PKI) allows solving this question by means of the digital certificates certificating authenticity of messages. Digital certificates are distributed by special organization — certification authority (CA) — and signed by the closed key of this organization. The digital certificate includes a name of the participant (the organization or the person), his open key, serial number, certificate working life, the permission from the supplier of certificates and any other information pertinent to a theme. As CA can be the financial organization or other organization, which issues certificates also open keys the clients, for an identification of these clients. CA accepts responsibility for the certificate, therefore data on the recipient of the certificate are carefully checked before issue of the digital certificate. Access to digital certificates is opened, and they contain in archives of certificates.
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